Temperature changes
Method overview
Measure reactants, record initial temperature, mix in an insulated cup, stir and record temperature at short intervals until a maximum or minimum is reached. Repeat changed conditions one at a time.
Apparatus set-up
Diagraminsulated cup; lid; thermometer/probe; measuring cylinder; reactant solutions/solids; balance; stirrer
Independent variable
reactant amount/concentration or identity
Dependent variable
maximum/minimum temperature change
Control variables
total volume; starting temperature; insulation; stirring; measurement timing
Apparatus
insulated cup; lid; thermometer/probe; measuring cylinder; reactant solutions/solids; balance; stirrer
Safety
Wear eye protection; acids/alkalis may irritate; avoid excessive concentrations; handle hot/cold mixtures carefully.
Scientific rationale
Insulation and lid reduce energy transfer to surroundings; stirring distributes energy; frequent readings capture the true peak.