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physicsRP2 · EnergyPaper 1Separate only

Thermal insulation

Method overview

Fill identical containers with equal hot-water volumes at the same starting temperature, apply different insulation, record temperature at fixed intervals and compare cooling rates.

Apparatus set-up

Diagram
Hot water + insulation
Temperature probe
Timer

containers; hot water; lids; insulation materials; thermometer/probe; measuring cylinder; stopwatch

Independent variable

insulation material or thickness

Dependent variable

temperature decrease/rate of cooling

Control variables

water volume; initial temperature; container; surface area; room conditions; time

Apparatus

containers; hot water; lids; insulation materials; thermometer/probe; measuring cylinder; stopwatch

Safety

Take care with hot water; dry spills; keep liquids away from electrical equipment.

Scientific rationale

Equal starting conditions make insulation the only major difference; lid reduces convection/evaporation; trapped air lowers conduction.

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