Density

Method overview

Measure mass. For regular solids calculate volume from dimensions; for irregular solids measure displaced water volume. Calculate density = mass/volume with consistent units.

Apparatus set-up

Diagram

balance; ruler/calipers; displacement can; measuring cylinder; water; thread; regular/irregular solids

Independent variable

material/object

Dependent variable

mass, volume and density

Control variables

balance zero; reading technique; trapped air; water loss; temperature

Apparatus

balance; ruler/calipers; displacement can; measuring cylinder; water; thread; regular/irregular solids

Safety

Prevent spills; handle displacement cans/glassware and heavy objects carefully.

Scientific rationale

Displacement volume equals submerged object volume; consistent units are essential; density is a material property for uniform samples.

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